This article was posted in line with the United Nations’ International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, which falls annually on 16 September.
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One of the most enduring questions for international relations student is regarding the relevancy of a nation-state in this era of globalization. Many argues that this is due to multinational company economic rule over a nation-state especially in developing countries, while others argue that international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund rule over a nation-state by its power to impose rules and sanctions. While this is an endless debate, with every side having their own argument, there is one aspect that is not really talked about: the issue of representation.
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Indonesia has had women involved in extremist movements before, such as Munfiatun, the wife of terrorist Noordin Muhammad Top, and Dian Yulia Novita “Novi”, the first Indonesian woman who became an active actor in suicide bombing attempt. However, the attacks in Surabaya and Sidoarjo were the first times women died as suicide bombers in Indonesia.
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The controversy incident in the West Java Governor candidate debate is not new in Indonesian politics, especially during the election period. The diversity of the Indonesian society, formed by the many varieties of cultures and religions, is often used as a campaign tool for political and party elites.
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Individuals and institutions, the stakeholders, ought to grasp their positions in the city’s overall system in order to maximize their performance. To that means, the city must provide adequate information about its own system to the stakeholders who reside in it.
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